International Journal of Human Movement Science
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
Small Victory: Imitation as Mimicry in American PastimeSang Uk Joo , Mi Ae Lee 13(2) 1-7, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.1
TitleSmall Victory: Imitation as Mimicry in American Pastime
Sang Uk Joo , Mi Ae Lee DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.1 AbstractFollowing the Pearl Harbor attack, United States Executive Order 9066 forced relocation of over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast to internment camps. The story of Japanese internment has been the subject of film narratives, and assimilation narrative has occupied a hegemonic position in U.S. filmmaking for more than half a century. The 2007 film American Pastime follows the internees’ struggle to maintain the normalcy of their lives in the internment camp. American Pastime appears to follow an assimilation narrative. However, overlooked features of the narrative open up space for alternative interpretations that might encourage Japanese American audiences to produce a counter discourse against the dominant narrative of assimilation. Postcolonial theorist Homi K. Bhabha’s concepts of mimicry, ambivalence, and hybridization are used to critically read American Pastime. In this reading, baseball game scenes featuring Topaz internment camp’s baseball team and a rival, all-white, local baseball team are examined. In these scenes, a particular style of playing baseball known as “small ball” is identified. Ultimately, it is argued that the small ball played by the Topaz team is not a sign of cultural assimilation to American society, but rather is a subtle, unsettling imitation of hegemonic American culture. Topaz-style baseball mimics, but does not reproduce, the “American pastime” as American viewers might see it. Key Wordsinternment of Japanese Americans, small ball, mimicry |
Assessing Donor Salience and Motivation in Professional Sports from the Stakeholder PerspectiveMinhong Kim , James J. Zhang 13(2) 9-32, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.2
TitleAssessing Donor Salience and Motivation in Professional Sports from the Stakeholder Perspective
Minhong Kim , James J. Zhang DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.2 AbstractCharitable nonprofit organizations that are established by professional sport entities have gained popularity as a form of philanthropy in the sport industry. However, limited research has addressed the importance of donors and identified motivational factors that encourage donors to contribute to professional sport nonprofit organizations. The current study qualitatively explored the stakeholder salience concept as well as professional sport donor motivation from the standpoints of managers and actual donors of such nonprofit organizations. The findings suggest that stakeholder salience perceptions differ between nonprofit managers and donors. Fan identification, awareness of needs, personal cause involvement, charity image, and community support were identified as primary motivational factors while the perceived effectiveness and altruism were minor donor motivations to support professional sport nonprofits. Key Wordsstakeholder theory, stakeholder salience, donor motivation, professional sports, nonprofit organization |
Underrepresentation of Asian Americans in U.S. Sports: A Self-efficacy ViewSophia Deulre Min , Woong Kwon , Suk Kyu Kim 13(2) 33-42, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.3
TitleUnderrepresentation of Asian Americans in U.S. Sports: A Self-efficacy View
Sophia Deulre Min , Woong Kwon , Suk Kyu Kim DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.3 AbstractData from a series of the Racial and Gender Report Cards conducted by the University of Central Florida indicate that Asian Americans have long been underrepresented in various levels of sports in the United States at both the amateur and professional levels. A review of literature suggests that most published work related to diversity in sport has predominantly focused on females and African Americans and calls for more studies of Asian Americans. For this reason, this study aims to raise academic awareness of Asian Americans’ underrepresentation in U.S. sports. A conceptual model based on self-efficacy developed to stimulate future research about Asian Americans in U.S. sports is presented. Key Wordsself-efficacy, Asian American, Stereotype, Ethnic Identity, sport |
Values of Curriculum Cluster Program Sharing Physical Education Curriculum in KoreaKibum Cho 13(2) 43-55, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.4
TitleValues of Curriculum Cluster Program Sharing Physical Education Curriculum in Korea
Kibum Cho DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.4 AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore values of curriculum cluster program as a student-centered approach to complement an existing regular school curriculum. Focus group interviews (n=39) were conducted and participants were recruited from the four public high schools in Korea. This study revealed that first, the reason for students to participate in the curriculum cluster was that they were not satisfied with current offerings of the traditional physical education within their regular school curriculum. Second, the curriculum cluster promotes students’ learning motivation by cooperating with friends, resulting in building up trust between friends. Third, it is possible that the curriculum cluster could be expanded into the regular school curriculum as career exploration programs. Fourth, despite a variety of advantages, the pressure to move to another school site and the teachers’ indifference to the curriculum cluster may be indicative of the low participation rates. This study confirmed that the case of the curriculum cluster may be a good solution that addresses these and other practical challenges within school environments. Also, characteristics among instructors and cluster curriculum had a positive impact on occupational socialization that students cannot easily improve within the regular school curriculum. Key WordsPhysical Education, Curriculum Cluster, High School, Students |
Philosophical Telescope: Should We use Big Data Statistics as Analytic Tools in Philosophy of Sport?Jin Hyunju 13(2) 57-64, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.5
TitlePhilosophical Telescope: Should We use Big Data Statistics as Analytic Tools in Philosophy of Sport?
Jin Hyunju DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.5 AbstractIf philosophy of sport is a representative of philosophy for sport studies as a whole, it should be a philosophical telescope of sport studies. Due to a wide range of the area of study, it is difficult to observe and grasp the whole of sport studies beyond the field of individual researchers. Here, the big data statistical method could be considered function as a tool capable of handling multiple data through quantitative metering of individual researcher. However, quantification is not the traditional method of philosophical research, it is necessary to examine again the meaning of big data statistics using a method of philosophy. This article therefore examines what philosophical thought was based on to analyze the big data statistical method, what it means philosophically. The real principle of philosophy is not the unconditional application of methods, but the consideration of methods. This article was not written to borrow the big data method which is used by other branches in sport studies, but to examine the big data methods from a philosophical point of view. Key Wordsbig data, statistical methods, philosophical telescope, meta-sport studies |
Promises and Challenges: Women and Girls in Sports and Physical Activities in the United StatesYomee Lee 13(2) 65-73, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.6
TitlePromises and Challenges: Women and Girls in Sports and Physical Activities in the United States
Yomee Lee DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.6 AbstractOver the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in women and girls’ participation in sports and physical activities. Paralleling this global phenomenon, the United States has witnessed a substantial development in this area. While acknowledging and appreciating the positive changes, this paper makes suggestions for changes for a better future for women and girls in sports and physical activities in the United States. Specifically, this paper focuses on the issues surrounding the ongoing ‘symbolic annihilation’ of female athletes by the media, and the historical background of hegemonic masculinity and sports that provided a rationale for gender discrimination. Finally, this paper highlights the need for inclusiveness within sports in various aspects. In terms of the development of scholarship, it addresses how the concept of ‘intersectionality’ from Critical Race Theory (CRT) can provide a useful analytical tool to reveal the realities of ‘women of color’ whose experiences are profoundly influenced by the interrelations and interconnections of multiple forms of oppressions (Birrell, 1989; Crenshaw, 1991; McDowell, J. & Carter-Francique, A., 2016). Key WordsWomen, Girls, Sport, United States, Intersectionality |
Development and Validation of the Chinese Wellness Lifestyle Assessment (CWLA)Zhang Nan , Kim Sang Kook , Jung Koo In 13(2) 75-100, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.7
TitleDevelopment and Validation of the Chinese Wellness Lifestyle Assessment (CWLA)
Zhang Nan , Kim Sang Kook , Jung Koo In DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.7 AbstractWellness is a concept of multiple health and a new concept of health that started in the United States. But in the concept of Wellness, there is a holistic approach similar to the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Chinese Wellness Lifestyle Assessment (CWLA). According to the principle of convenience sampling, the study surveyed a total of 1943 adults over 20 years old were chosen as subjects. The study began with the measurement researches related to Korean wellness developed by Kim (2000). Tests and analyzes the research hypotheses by using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. It mainly includes descriptive statistics analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability and validity of the related questionnaire items have been confirmed as well. The CWLA was made up finally completed 73 items, which has played a catalyst role of promoting the culture of wellness for Chinese. Key WordsWellness, Wellness Lifestyle, Chinese Wellness Lifestyle Assessment (CWLA), Validation |
Age-Related Changes in In-Vivo 3D Knee Kinematics during Knee Joint Flexion Observed using 2D/3D Registration TechniqueSanggyun Kim , Soyoung Lee , Doosup Kim , Junseop Yeom , Sae Yong Lee , Scott A. Banks 13(2) 101-114, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.8
TitleAge-Related Changes in In-Vivo 3D Knee Kinematics during Knee Joint Flexion Observed using 2D/3D Registration Technique
Sanggyun Kim , Soyoung Lee , Doosup Kim , Junseop Yeom , Sae Yong Lee , Scott A. Banks DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.8 AbstractWe aimed to identify 3D motion differences in knee joint articular surface kinematics in healthy young and old participants during weight-bearing knee flexion. Twelve healthy male volunteers, six in their 60s and six in their 20s, without any musculoskeletal system disease involving the knees participated. 3D bone models of the femur and tibia were obtained using CT and matched into the fluoroscopic images captured during split squatting. Translation and rotation of the tibia to the femur during weight-bearing flexion were compared between the groups. Translation of the nearest medial-lateral articular surface location and rotational angle of medial-lateral connecting lines were also compared. As the tibial internal-external rotation angle and medial contact point anterior-posterior translation were significantly correlated between the groups, they could not represent the characteristics of age-related changes. Similar to lateral contact point translation and contact points line angles were significantly different during the initial 10° flexion period. At the 40°-45° knee flexion period, a significant difference was detected in the contact point line angle and in the tibial superior-inferior translation. 3D knee joint kinematic differences between participants in their 20s and 60s, especially during initial and 40°-45° periods, can predict kinematic effects on age-related disease. Key WordsArthrokinematics, CT-derived model, model-based registration, translation, osteoarthritis risk factor |
Correlation between Proprioception and Dynamic Postural Control during Ovulatory Phase of the Menstrual CycleHyung-pil Jun , Heeseong Jeong , Sae Yong Lee 13(2) 115-125, 2019 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.9
TitleCorrelation between Proprioception and Dynamic Postural Control during Ovulatory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Hyung-pil Jun , Heeseong Jeong , Sae Yong Lee DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2019.08.13.2.9 AbstractDecreased proprioception and dynamic postural control (DPC) have been reported to be a contributing factor in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in females. Understanding the relationship between proprioception and DPC during different phases of the menstrual cycle may provide a better understanding of gender-specific characteristics of ACL injury risk. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between DPC and both joint kinesthesia (JK) and joint position sense (JPS) in females during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Nine moderate to highly active females. Subjects made two visits to the research facility over a two-month period. DPC, JK, and JPS were measured over two consecutive menstrual cycles during ovulatory phase (24-48 hours after LH surge detection). Joint position sense was tested using a starting angle of 90° when moving into extension, and 0° when moving into flexion. Target angles were 30°, 50°, and 70° moving into flexion, and 20°, 40°, and 60° moving into extension. Joint kinesthesia was tested moving into flexion and extension at both 15° and 45°. Moderate to high correlations were observed on six of 60 variables in the ovulatory phase of the first menstrual cycle evaluated. Although a few statistically significant correlations were identified, the clinicians may focus on those meaningful variables when they plan the rehabilitation program for prevent ACL injury. Also, while DPC deficits may increase risk of ACL injury, the data does not support that reduced DPC is due to menstrual phase-specific deficits in proprioception. Key Wordsfemale athletes, proprioception, menstrual cycle, anterior cruciate ligament |